Dr. Ahmed
There has been a growing concern regarding the use of novel oral anticoagulants and ILD. Because anticoagulants are frequently prescribed to patients with or without lung diseases, the link between anticoagulants and ILD needs to be studied.
A recently published study has linked the use of oral Factor Xa Inhibitors with ILD (Interstitial lung disease).
The study was carried out in Taiwan. Data from the Taiwan National Health Research Database was taken and analyzed [Ref]
All patients with NVAF (non-valvular atrial fibrillation) who did not have a preexisting lung disease or ILD were enrolled in the study.
Patients were divided into three groups:
Total patients included in the study: 106044 |
|
| Warfarin | 18988 (17.9%) |
| Dabigatran | 22501 (21%) |
| Factor Xa Inhibitor | 64555 (61%) |
The baseline demographics were:
- Mean Age (SD): 73.4 +/- 11.9 years
- Gender: Men: 56.6%, Women: 43.4%
Factor Xa Inhibitors: Subgroup Analysis |
|
| Apixaban | 23.8% |
| Rivaroxaban | 56.9% |
| Edoxaban | 19.2% |
The Incidence of ILD in the Factor Xa Inhibitors group vs Warfarin and Dabigatran Group:
Anticoagulants |
Incidence of ILD per 100-patient years |
| Factor Xa Inhibitors | 0.29 |
| Dabigatran | 0.22 |
| Warfarin | 0.17 |
The incidence of ILD in the group of patients who received Factor Xa Inhibitors was significantly greater compared to warfarin (P value: <0.001).
The incidence of ILD in the Dabigatran group was statistically not significant compared to warfarin (P value: 0.09).
The risk of ILD was then analyzed individually and compared with warfarin. The HR (hazard ratio) of developing ILD was greater in the Apixaban group, followed by Endoxaban and Rivaroxaban groups. The results were not statistically significant between groups (P value: 0.75).
Factor Xa Inhibitor |
Risk of ILD Vs Warfarin |
Hazard Ratio |
| Rivaroxaban | 0.27 vs 0.17 per 100 patient-years | [HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.16-1.88] |
| Apixaban | 0.35 vs 0.17 per 100 patient-years | [HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.27-2.31] |
| Endoxaban | 0.37 vs 0.17 per 100 patient-years | [HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.27] |
The use of Amiodarone was significantly associated with ILD. The risk was greater when amiodarone was combined with:
- Factor Xa inhibitors (0.38 vs 0.26 per 100 patient-years; HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.15-1.73]; P < .001)
- Dabigatran (0.31 vs 0.18 per 100 patient-years; HR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.12-2.35]; P = .01), or
- Warfarin (0.28 vs 0.13 per 100 patient-years; HR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.32-2.95]; P < .001). [Ref]
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How can Factor Xa inhibitors cause ILD:
ILD (Interstitial lung disease) and IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) are progressive lung diseases. The recent COVID pandemic resulted in a rapid surge in lung fibrosis.
Likewise, NOACs and DOACs especially Factor Xa inhibitors (Apixaban and Rivaroxaban) are being increasingly used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and prevention of thromboembolism.
The use of medications that may cause lung fibrosis or result in the progression of lung fibrosis can add fuel to the fire.
The finding of the study cited above can not be ignored. However, because the risks of thromboembolism are much greater compared to the development of ILD, patients and physicians should not abruptly stop Factor Xa inhibitors or switch to VKA (vitamin K antagonists).
This is also because we don’t know how Factor Xa inhibitor may be associated with ILD.
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Here are some of the hypotheses that can link the use of Factor Xa inhibitors with ILD:
- Factor Xa inhibitors do not inhibit Factor VII production like warfarin. It is thought that Factor VII leaks out from damaged vessels and incites the production of IL-6 which can cause the fibroblasts to migrate to the site of inflammation resulting in fibrosis.
- Factor Xa inhibitors use may cause a local increase in the alveolar interstitium and alveolar hemorrhage.
- The risk of alveolar hemorrhage may be increased with concomitant medications that increase the plasma levels of NOACs. These include drugs like Amiodarone that inhibit P-gp (P-glycoprotein).
Anticoagulants and ILD: Take Home Message …
The current study does not suggest that people should stop or switch their NOAC therapy, Apxiban, Rivaroxaban, or Endoxaban.
The risks of developing thrombosis far outweigh the risks of developing ILD. However, close monitoring may be required in patients who develop a new onset of shortness of breath, and chest pain, or who develop a rapid progression in their lung condition.
In addition, the current study necessitates the need for further studies to identify the causality and association of Factor Xa Inhibitors and ILD.
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